Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Paracetamol Co-administered with Moringa oleifera and Caesalpinia sappan Extracts Individually in Sprague Dawley Rats

2025-12-19T05:21:15+00:00

Paracetamol is frequently utilized to alleviate pain and fever due to its pharmacological properties as an analgesic and antipyretic. Consuming paracetamol drugs while self-medication might potentially lead to drug interactions when used with other medications, as well as certain foods and herbs. Moringa oleifera and Caesalpinia sappan are popular herbal plants in Indonesia, commonly used to produce herbal food and drinks. These plants contain flavonoids and phenols, which have the potential to impact the metabolism, effectiveness, and toxicity of medications, including paracetamol. This study investigated alterations in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of paracetamol when co-administered with Moringa oleifera and Caesalpinia sappan. The research utilized a true experimental approach with a posttest-only control group design and animal model study is male Sprague-Dawley rats . The control group was administered an oral dose of 9mg/200g body weight of paracetamol. By contrast, the treatment group of male Sprague-Dawley rats was administered an oral dose of 9mg/200g body weight of paracetamol, combined with a dose of 60mg/200g of Moringa leaf extract and sappan heartwood extract at 294 mg/kg body weight. At 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes, blood samples were collected from the rats' lateral tail vein. Analyzing the concentration of paracetamol in plasma was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 244 nm. The study showed that combining sappan heartwood extract with paracetamol resulted in a substantial 453.10% increase in the volume of distribution (Vd) (p<0.05). The administration of Moringa leaf extract decreased a little effect the pharmacokinetic profile of paracetamol, as shown by the statistical analysis of the unpaired t-test (p>0.05).

Identification of Genetic Variations Associated with Leprosy Risk as Potential Therapeutic Targets

2025-12-15T04:55:45+00:00

Potential Drug–Drug Interactions in Antihypertensive Therapy Among Outpatients with Comorbidities: Prevalence, Severity, and Clinical Implications

2025-12-15T04:39:12+00:00

Hypertension is a condition that frequently coexists with comorbidities, often necessitating polypharmacy and consequently increasing the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This study aimed to analyze the pattern and severity of potential DDIs among hypertensive outpatients with comorbidities at North Lombok Regional General Hospital in 2024. This study employed a descriptive observational design with retrospective data collection. A total of 100 outpatient medical records meeting the criteria were selected via probability sampling from the hospital database during January to December 2024. Among the included patients, 50% were aged >60 years, 60% were female, and 91% were covered by the National Health Insurance. Potential DDIs were assessed using the Drugs.com drug interaction checker and categorized based on severity into major, moderate, and minor. A total of 257 potential DDI events were identified, consisting of 19 major interactions (7.4%), 205 moderate interactions (79.8%), and 33 minor interactions (12.8%). The most frequent major interaction was the combination of spironolactone and candesartan, which poses a significant risk of hyperkalemia and hypotension. Moderate interactions were predominantly observed with the combination of furosemide and bisoprolol, which may increase the risk of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Meanwhile, the most frequent minor interaction
was aspirin with bisoprolol, which may reduced beta-blocker antihypertensive effect. In conclusion, this study found that moderate severity potential DDIs were the most prevalent and could significantly impact therapeutic outcomes in hypertensive patients with comorbidities. These findings highlight the critical role of clinical pharmacists in identifying and mitigating clinically significant interactions through rigorous prescription monitoring, patient education, and optimization of drug therapy. Strengthened monitoring and evaluation of drug regimens are recommended to minimize the risk of adverse drug reactions and enhance patient safety.

In Silico Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Water Extract of Gelidium spinosum as COX-2 Inhibitor

2025-12-15T04:01:11+00:00

Water Extract of Gelidium spinosum (WEGs) contains various bioactive compounds which potential as anti-inflammatory agent. This study was aimed to predict anti-inflammatory potential of bioactive compounds from WEGs as COX-2 inhibitor through in silico analysis. The in silico analysis was conducted using AutoDock Vina. The protein originated from the Protein Data Bank, and the metabolites were gathered from PubChem. 2-Acetyl-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophene (1) (-7.1 kcal/mol), and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (3) (-7.1 kcal/mol) were demonstrated a higher binding affinity compared with the other ligands and phenidone (-6.7 kcal/mol). Potential of these ligands were weaker than tolfenamic acid (-9.1 kcal/mol). According to this in silico analysis, bioactive compounds from water extract of G. spinosum possesses an anti-inflammatory potential mediated COX-2 receptor inhibition.

Unveiling Global Research Trends and Collaboration Patterns in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Bibliometric Perspective

2025-12-15T02:35:43+00:00

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common forms of dementia and poses a major challenge to global health, especially as the aging population increases. With the high research interest in this topic, a scientific mapping is needed to identify trends, major contributors, and current research focuses in the field of Alzheimer's. This study uses a bibliometric approach with a Scopus database published in the period 2023 to 2025, then the data is analyzed using bibliometrix software. The results show an annual publication growth rate of 19.67% with an average of citations per document of 3,524. The most productive journals are alzheimer's and dementia (1,093 documents), followed by Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (817 documents). The most active authors are Wang Y (493 documents), Zhang Y (437), and Li Y (410). The most affiliations come from University of California And Harvard Medical School, while the countries with the largest contributions are the United States, China, and India. Alzheimer's research shows rapid development in terms of quantity and international collaboration. The United States and China are the main centers of scientific contribution, both in terms of the number of publications and citations. These results are important as a basis for making research policies, cross-country collaborations, and determining the direction of future research in efforts to overcome alzheimer's disease.