Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal

Lotion Preparations of Nutmeg Essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) and Repellent Activity Test against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Azis Ikhsanudin, Satriyo Dwi Raharjo, Lolita Lolita — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with the Dengue virus. One natural ingredient that can be used as a repellent to prevent mosquito bites is essential oil. Therefore, this research aims to obtain the right formulation of nutmeg essential oil lotion, determine the influence of adding nutmeg essential oil to the physical properties of the lotion, assess the irritant effect of nutmeg essential oil lotion on the skin, and determine the repellent activity of nutmeg essential oil lotion against female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Nutmeg fruit seed essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was obtained by distillation. The obtained sample was qualitatively tested first using GC-MS to determine its components. Lotion formulation was prepared with varying 1%, 3%, and 6% concentrations. The prepared lotions were tested for their physical properties and repellent activity using female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as test animals and irritation test. The test result data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a confidence level of 95%. The research results obtained standardization of clear nutmeg seed essential oil, yellow in color, with a distinctive nutmeg scent with a refractive index value of (1.475 + 0.001) and a relative compound content of alpha-pinene of 19.40%. Increasing the concentration resulted in decreased adhesive force with a value of (p <0.05), increased spreadability (p <0.05), and increased repellent power (p <0.05). All lotions have a pH of 7, are stable for 6 cycles of storage, and have an irritation index in the very mild to mild irritation category. The conclusion of this research is that nutmeg seed essential oil lotion formulations with various concentration variations, namely formula 1 (1%), formula 2 (3%), and formula 3 (6%), have good physical properties, cause very mild to mild skin irritation, and have the highest repellent activity, which is in formula 3 (6%) at 1098 seconds

Formulation and Physical Properties Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Tapak Liman Leaves (Elephantopus scaber L.) Gel Preparation

Niken Pratiwi, Khairun Nisa, Citra Ariani Edityaningrum — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Management of diabetic wounds is crucial to prevent severe complications including the potential of amputation. The conventional treatments often involve antibiotics as resistance frequently arises. Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) leaf extract, as an antibacterial agent, could be an alternative for treating diabetic wounds. For practical application, the extract is formulated into a gel. The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of the gelling agent HPMC and the humectant propylene glycol that can create the gel optimal formula, meeting the criteria for favorable physical properties.

The study commences with the identification and phytochemical screening of tapak liman leaves extract. Subsequently, the extract was formulated in the forms of gels with concentrations of HPMC and propylene glycol. The evaluation included the testing of organoleptic, viscosity, pH, spreadability, and adhesiveness. Data is then subjected to analysis, beginning with normality tests followed by One-way ANOVA, in order to achieve the gel formula exhibiting the most favorable physical properties.

This study reveal the following physical properties for F1, F2, and F3, respectively: pH values of 5.86 ± 0.257; 5.60 ± 0.068; and 5.53 ± 0.075, viscosities of 149.4233 ± 42.71002; 1,203.44 ± 154.1854; and 2,283.10 ± 530.2867 (cps), spreadability of 41.365 ± 0.47; 23.225 ± 0.64; and 18.805 ± 0.26 (g.cm/second), as well as adhesiveness of 1.59 ± 0.57; 2.08 ± 0.51; and 7.77 ± 1.14 (seconds).

Based on the results above, it can be concluded that F3, with HPMC and propylene glycol concentrations of 3% and 14%, represents the optimal formula, demonstrating the best physical properties for a gel.

The Effect of Starch-Lactose Filler Ratio on the Quality Characteristics of Meniran Extract Capsule

Joko Kawiyanto, Alifah Asri Elina, Jessica Herlin Labella Sasongko — Wed, 22 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The empirical utilization of medicinal plants by Indonesians has long been known as "jamu". Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is a plant containing phyllantin and hypophyllantin which have immunostimulant activity and potential for development into traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the influence of the starch-lactose filler ratio in the formulation of meniran extract herbal powder for the development of traditional medicine capsule preparations. The research was conducted experimentally using four meniran herbal powder formulas with variations in the starch-lactose filler ratio: 100%:0 (M1); 73%:27% (M2); 50%:50% (M3); and 27%:73% (M4). Based on the physicochemical properties of the powder, the most optimum formula was selected and evaluated for the quality of meniran extract capsule based on the requirements of the Indonesian Food and Drug Monitoring Agency, including organoleptic tests, flowability, loss on drying, and disintegration time. The results of this study show that variations in the starch-lactose filler ratio affect the moisture content of meniran herbal powder. Formula M2 with a starch:lactose filler ratio of 73:27 exhibited flowability that meets the requirements for development into traditional medicine capsules. Lactose at a concentration of 10% can be combined with starch as a filler and produce good loss on drying and disintegration time values.

Risk Perception and Efficacy Beliefs Regarding COVID-19 among Indonesian Pharmacy Students

Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The SARS-CoV-2 virus first appeared in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. Preventive behavior is necessary to reduce the transmission of this virus, and low risk perception can reduce the implementation of preventive behavior. This study aimed to determine risk perception and efficacy beliefs regarding COVID-19 of pharmacy students at Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta. A cross-sectional analytic observational approach was utilized; data were collected by distributing online questionnaires. The respondents comprised 406 undergraduate and pharmacist students. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 25.0 to compare the average scores of each independent variable. The mean scores for perceived vulnerability and perceived threat variables were 3.670 and 3.020, respectively, and the mean score for perceived severity was 2.475. The mean scores of response efficacy and self-efficacy were 4.426 and 4.084, respectively. A history of supplement consumption (p = 0.01), having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.02), and parental income (p = 0.045) affected perceived vulnerability. Perceived severity was influenced by gender (p = 0.001), a history of chronic disease (p = 0.041), having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.005), and area of residence (p = 0.043). Perceived threat was influenced by gender (p = 0.005) and having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.029). Efficacy beliefs were influenced by a history of supplement consumption (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.034), having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.037), and implementation of health protocols (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the respondents’ risk perception was high, whereas their perceived severity was low. The participants also had high efficacy beliefs. Therefore, it is important to focus on pharmacy students risk perception, since they are the main population for social infectious disease prevention and control.

Sexual Function and Its Relationship to Quality of Life among Married Women

Silvia Mareti, Yati Afiyanti, Tri Budiati — Sat, 25 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sexual function is one of the key elements of women's quality of life, reflecting their biological, emotional, and social well-being. This cross sectional study aims to identify the relationship between sexual function and women's quality of life. Method: Sampling used proportions according to the inclusion criteria with 305 female participant of productive age in DKI Jakarta Province. Significant relationships between sexual desire p = 0.00 and r = -.19, lubrication p = 0.00 and r = 0.17 and physical health domains, all with weak relationship strength. A significant relationship is also observed between sexual satisfaction p = 0.01 and r = 0.14 and the psychological domain, with weak relationship strength. Additionally, there is a significant relationship between sexual arousal p = 0.00 and r = 0.30, lubrication p = 0.00 and r = 0.27, and social relationship domains, with moderate relationship strength. A significant relationship exists between orgasm p = 0.00 and r = 0.19, sexual satisfaction p = 0.00 and r = 0.34 and the social relationship domain, with weak relationship strength. Considering the critical impact of sexual function on the health of couples, it is important to pay attention to sexual function in women. Therefore, there is a need for sexual health assessments and the design of educational programs to improve their quality of life.