Sustainability Risk Analysis of the Halal Feed Supply Chain for Ruminant Commodities Through the Integration of the SCOR-FMEA Method

Hana Catur Wahyuni; Lusia Permata Sari Hartanti; Inggit Marodiyah; Muhammad Wahyu Setya Kurniawan; Norhidayah binti Pauzi

doi:10.12928/si.v24i1.575

Authors

Hana Catur Wahyuni Master of Systems and Technology Innovation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo, 61215, Indonesia
Lusia Permata Sari Hartanti Engineering Profession, Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya, Surabaya, 60112, Indonesia
Inggit Marodiyah Industrial Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo, 61215, Indonesia
Muhammad Wahyu Setya Kurniawan Industrial Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo, 61215, Indonesia
Norhidayah binti Pauzi Department of Fiqh-usul and Applied Sciences Academy of Islamic Studies, University Malaya, 50603, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12928/si.v24i1.575

Keywords:

FMEA, Halal supply chain, Ruminant feed, SCOR, Sustainability

Abstract

Ruminant commodities play a strategic role in maintaining the stability of meat and milk supply for society. In this context, feed serves not only as a key determinant of livestock productivity but also as a critical foundation for environmental sustainability and compliance with halal standards throughout the supply chain. This study aims to map and priorities risks in the ruminant feed supply chain through the integration of the SCOR and FMEA methods. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of sustainability risks with halal-related risks within the supply chain framework. The study was conducted in Gendro Village, Pasuruan Regency. Data were collected through expert assessments of severity, occurrence, and detection levels, taking into account economic, environmental, and socio-halal aspects. The SCOR framework was applied to systematically map sustainability and halal risks along the supply chain, while FMEA was used to determine risk priorities based on the Risk Priority Number (RPN). The findings indicate that the highest RPN values occur in the planning process, particularly in traceability system planning (R5), and in the production process related to product tracking and record-keeping activities (R20). In addition, the study reveals several halal compliances risks that are difficult to detect, including document verification, segregation practices, and line clearance procedures. In practical terms, the identified risk priorities and proposed improvements can be directly implemented by farmers, enabling improvements in feed quality, reductions in losses, preservation of halal integrity, and enhancement of supply chain resilience through realistic and low-cost interventions. Overall, this study contributes a risk prioritization model that integrates economic, environmental, and halal dimensions and links mitigation actions to SCOR processes, making it applicable to ruminant feed supply chains as well as other commodity-based supply chains.

References

Abbasi, K. R., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Augmenting agricultural sustainability: Investigating the role of agricultural land, green innovation, and food production in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3060

Afsharnia, F., & Rohani, A. (2025). Risk assessment of sugarcane bagasse pellet plant equipment using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making techniques to reduce environmental hazards. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-025-03134-8

Ahmad, A. N., Rahmat, S. J., Jaihan, N., & Tukiran, N. A. (2026). Beefing up the halal meat industry in Jombang, Indonesia. Beyond Halal. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-30058-5.00004-3

Ainsworth, R., Cowx, I. G., & Funge-Smith, S. J. (2021). A review of major river basins and large lakes relevant to inland fisheries. books.google.com.

Ali, M. Y., & Khatun, A. (2025). Moringa as a Natural Feed Supplement for Livestock: Impact on Growth Performance, Milk and Meat Production, Semen Quality and Hormonal Regulation. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2025/13.3.738.753

Bosona, T., & Gebresenbet, G. (2023). The role of blockchain technology in promoting traceability systems in agri-food production and supply chains. In Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115342

Davis, T. C., & White, R. R. (2020). Breeding animals to feed people: The many roles of animal reproduction in ensuring global food security. Theriogenology, 150, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.041

Deptula, A., Deptula, A. M., & Kocur, L. (2025). Implementation of TPM in Companies in the Chemical and Fertilizer Industry, Several Challenges. Implementation of Circular Economy in Supply Chains and Production Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88926-4_2

Elbehri, A., & Chestnov, R. (2021). Digital agriculture in action: ArtificiaI intelligence for agriculture. books.google.com.

Guyader, J., Janzen, H. H., Kroebel, R., & Beauchemin, K. A. (2016). Forage use to improve environmental sustainability of ruminant production. Journal of Animal. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-0141

Hashimoto, E. H., Pena, A. de C. C., & Pagnoncelli, M. G. B. (2025). Fermentation-mediated sustainable development and improvement of quality of plant-based foods: From waste to a new food. Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43393-024-00292-6

Hasibuan, S., Thaheer, H., Supono, J., & Irhamni, I. (2021). Analisis Risiko Pada Rantai Pasok Industri Minuman Siap Saji Jus Buah Dengan Pendekatan SCOR-FMEA. Operations Excellence: Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering, 13(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.22441/oe.2021.v13.i1.010

Herdiana, Y. (2025). Halal challenges and health risks in genetically modified organisms (GMOs): a critical approach. Cogent Food & Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2025.2565716

Irfan, S. M. (2022). The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry. In Agricultural Development in Asia-Potential Use of Nano-Materials and Nano-Technology. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868

Jafari, A. J., Tangestani, M., Kermani, M., & Kalantary, R. R. (2025). Holistic health and environmental risk assessment of PM and bioaerosol emissions in hospital waste and wastewater departments using FMEA and DMRA methods. One Health, 21, 101182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101182

Kusrini, E., & Miranda, S. (2021). Determining Performance Metrics of Supply Chain Management in Make-to-Order Small-Medium Enterprise Using Supply Chain Operation Reference Model (SCOR Version 12.0). Mathematical Modelling and Engineering Problems. https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.080509

Lee, J. Y., Sim, Y. B., Jung, J. H., Pandey, A. K., Kyung, D., & Kim, S. H. (2024). Greenhouse gas emissions and net energy production of dark fermentation from food waste followed by anaerobic digestion. Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.133559

Maas, R., Shevtshenko, E., & Karaulova, T. (2023). Supply Chain Quality Improvement Based on Customer Compliance (pp. 230–242). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36007-7_17

Mahbubi, A., & Uchiyama, T. (2020). Assessing the sustainability of the Indonesian halal beef supply chain. International Journal on Food System Dynamics. https://brill.com/view/journals/fsd/11/5/article-p468_5.xml

Mashur, M., Bilad, M. R., Kholik, K., Munawaroh, M., Cheok, Q., Huda, N., & Kobun, R. (2022). The Sustainability and Development Strategy of a Cattle Feed Bank: A Case Study. Sustainability, 14(13), 7989. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137989

Megat, P. A. (2025). Exploring non-Muslims’ awareness of the halal branding concept: a study of the food industry in Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Islamic Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2024-0408/1306848

Nor, N., & Rosali, M. H. (2015). The development and future direction of Malaysia’s livestock industry. In Food and Fertilizer Technology Centre Agricultural. https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/960

Pastorelli, G., Simeonidis, K., Faustini, M., Le Mura, A., Cavalleri, M., Serra, V., & Attard, E. (2023). Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Gas Production Kinetics of Alternative Feed Resources for Small Ruminants in the Maltese Islands. Metabolites, 13(6), 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060762

Paul, B. K., Groot, J. C., Maass, B. L., Notenbaert, A. M., Herrero, M., & Tittonell, P. A. (2020). Improved feeding and forages at a crossroads: Farming systems approaches for sustainable livestock development in East Africa. Outlook on Agriculture, 49(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727020906170

Place, S. E. (2024). Examining the role of ruminants in sustainable food systems. Grass and Forage Science, 79(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12673

Primadasa, R., Kusrini, E., Mansur, A., & Masudin, I. (2025). Integrating DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC: an interconnected model of halal-sustainable supply chain management (HSSCM) indicatorsfor SMEs. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 16(8), 2244–2275. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2024-0303

Salami, S. A., Luciano, G., O’Grady, M. N., Biondi, L., Newbold, C. J., Kerry, J. P., & Priolo, A. (2019). Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.006

Shuhaimi, A. A. M., Karim, S. A., Lee, E. K., & Ungku, U. F. (2025). Sustainable career growth for the Halal professionals in Malaysia and Australian food industry. Journal of Islamic Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2024-0125

Sidarto, L. P., & Hamka, A. (2021). Improving Halal Traceability Process in the Poultry Industry Utilizing Blockchain Technology: Use Case in Indonesia. Frontiers in Blockchain, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2021.612898

Su, Z., Zhao, J., Zhuang, M., Liu, Z., Zhao, C., & Yang, X. (2024). Climate-adaptive crop distribution can feed food demand, improve water scarcity, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173819

Susanty, A., Purwaningsih, R., Santoso, H., Arista, A. N., & Tjahjono, B. (2021). Measuring the sustainability of beef supply chain with rapid appraisal for beef supply chain. Veterinary World, 2488–2507. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.2488-2507

Thamil Vanan, T., & Divya Lakshmi, D. (2020). Sustainable Livestock Management Systems for Indian Rural Livelihood: Mitigation of Climate Change. In Global Climate Change: Resilient and Smart Agriculture (pp. 187–198). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9856-9_9

Thanomsin, J., Phuangsalee, P., Butdee, S., & Sathusen, A. (2025). Modeling of Automotive Rubber Parts Factories Using Fuzzy FMEA with Artificial Neural Network Based on Green Supply Chain Risk Assessment. Conference on Intelligent Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-01517-4_17

Tokhetova, L. (2024). Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Haymaking Timing Effects on Its Yield and Quality in Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 56(1), 280–291. https://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.25

Zainuddin, N., Saifudin, A. M., Deraman, N., & Mahidin, N. (2019). Effect of Halal certification and labelling process on Halal supply chain performance. In International Journal of Supply Chain Management.

Zuniawan, A. (2020). A systematic literature review of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) implementation in industries. Indones. J. Ind. Eng. Manag. https://doi.org/10.22441/ijiem.v1i2.9862