Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025): Spektrum Industri - April 2025

This edition contains articles from various countries in Indonesia, China, and Malaysia. The authors/co-authors come from multiple institutions such as Darma Persada University, Diponegoro University, State University of Malang, Da-Yeh University, Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Saito University College, Balikpapan University, Islamic University of Indonesia, and University of Muhammadiyah Malang.