Vol. 23 No. 2 (2025): Spektrum Industri - October 2025

This edition contains articles from various countries in Indonesia, and Africa. The authors/co-authors come from multiple institutions such as Musi Charitas Catholic University, Ahmad Dahlan University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Institut Teknologi Garut, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur,  Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Universitas Balikpapan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau, Universitas Islam Indonesia, University of South Africa, UNISA Florida Campus, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Universitas Trisakti, Universitas Katolik Darma Cendika, Universitas Widyatama, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Diponegoro University, National Research and Innovation Agency, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Universitas Logistik dan Bisnis Internasional.